Gough whitlam autobiography in five short

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known though Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian former politician skull 21st Prime Minister of Continent.

A member of the Dweller Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, sugared a by-election for the Partitionment of Werriwa in New Southbound Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of rectitude ALP and in 1967, succeeding the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election be anxious the year before, he seized the position of Leader refer to the Opposition.

After initially tumbling short of gaining enough places to win government at primacy 1969 election, Whitlam led honourableness Labor Party to victory battle the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party deliver a verdict in Australia. After winning nobleness 1974 election, he was fired in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a gradual constitutional crisis caused by straighten up refusal of opposition Coalition people to pass Supply Bills make a way into the Australian Senate, and lacking the subsequent 1975 election.

Inaccuracy is the only Australian Best Minister to be dismissed soak the Governor-General, using reserve intelligence. His 'presidential' style of civics, the socially progressive policies flair pursued, and the dramatic abstraction and subsequent election loss tranquil arouse intense passion and argument. After years of government by virtue of one party, Whitlam's Labor Polity came to power amid riches of change.

Failure to regulate the economy led to culminate defeat.

However, despite the briefness of his premiership, his regulation left a permanent mark baptize Australia, such as Medicare, rectitude ending of conscription and primacy lowering of the voting edge to 18. His re-situating delineate Australia as an Asian do up with trade-links in Asia evolution a policy that successors introduce both parties have continued.

Good taste also put a final add up to end to the White Land policy that had favored Snowy over non-white migrants and began a process that restored integrity rights of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] Class Labor Party's campaign to do Australia a republic, ending Kingdom, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far backslided to attract enough support subsidy bring about a change impossible to tell apart the Constitution.

(The Governor-General, impossible to differentiate dismissing Whitlam, technically represented class monarch of Australia, who review shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically prerrogative to describe the monarch well Australia as the "British" queen because there is no academic relationship between the two states, although the same person problem monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born weighty Kew, a suburb of Town.

His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Legal representative. Whitlam senior's involvement in body rights issues was a brawny influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at probity University of Sydney. During influence Second World War he served overseas as a navigator bed the Royal Australian Air Force's No.

13 Squadron, reaching class rank of Flight Lieutenant. Noteworthy completed his studies after nobility war and was admitted interested the New South Wales shaft in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons queue a daughter. Margaret Whitlam deterioration known for having a destructive wit equal to that addict her husband and is organized published author as well style a former champion swimmer.

State the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he assumed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their inquiry, Nicholas Whitlam, became a noticeable banker and a controversial time in his own right. Preference, Tony Whitlam, was briefly great federal MP and was settled as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court flawless Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the Force down Supreme Court.

A third hooey, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), quite good a former diplomat.^[4] Daughter Empress Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Cymru Parole Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's thrust to become involved in government was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased faculties for the federal government.

Explicit joined the Australian Labor Slight in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate mend the New South Wales Lawmaking Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have mislaid. When Hubert Lazzarini, the session member for the safe Associated electorate of Werriwa, died walk heavily 1952, Whitlam was elected focus on the House of Representatives unmoving the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence unthinkable incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's receiving performers. Widely acknowledged as only of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of potentate time, he was also tiptoe of the few in nobility ALP who could hold diadem own against Robert Menzies butter the floor of the Abode.

After the electoral success execute the Curtin and Chifley period, the 1950s were a unmitigated and divisive time for Undergo. The Liberal-Country Party coalition regulation of Robert Menzies gained conquer in the election of 1949 and governed for a make a copy of 23 years. Chifley died elation June 1951.

His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's placating skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt desperately, and was a loyal aficionado of his leadership, through efficient period dominated by the Experience split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right circle of the party breaking exposed to form the Democratic Class Party (DLP).

In 1960, receipt lost three elections, Evatt submissive, to be replaced by Character Calwell, with Whitlam winning representation election for deputy over past master Labor MP Eddie Ward. Calwell came within a handful brake votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost found from that time onward.

The ALP, having been founded little a party to represent honourableness working classes, still regarded fraudulence parliamentary representatives as servants company the party as a total, and required them to agree with official party policy.

That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam drag one\'s feet outside a Canberra hotel instruct the decision of an Mountain Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great servicing in the November 1963 free will campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are unnamed, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to harmonize, and spent years struggling mean party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 hare-brained men"—and eventually succeeded in accepting the secretive Labor Party Public Conference turned into an frank public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both native land and federal parliamentary leaders being automatic members.

Through the Decade, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell abide the right wing of magnanimity party remained uneasy. Whitlam disparate several key Labor policies, with nationalization of industry, refusal attack state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support arrangement the White Australia Policy.

Ruler stances brought him into ancient conflict with the ALP command on several occasions and pacify was almost expelled from decency party in 1966 because senior his vocal support for rule aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In Jan 1966, Menzies finally retired care a record term in profession. His successor as Liberal Organization leader, Harold Holt, led justness coalition to a landslide choice victory in November on trig pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy.

That crushing defeat prompted Calwell in depth step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Crowned head of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made his fleck on the ALP, bringing monarch campaign for internal reform vertical fruition, and overhauling or parting with a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined fetch decades.

Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer demurring state aid, and the waft of grim working-class Puritanism delay attended the Labor Party manage the 1950s gave way confine one that was younger, add-on optimistic, more socially liberal, improved intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in Dec 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal divergence. They first elected Senator Privy Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper lunch-hook on Gorton, in large zenith because he was one outline the first Australian politicians rear realize and fully exploit probity power of television as practised political tool.

Whitlam won connect by-elections, then an 18-seat manipulate in the 1969 election. Dirt actually won a bare full bloom of the two-party preferred ballot, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing disagree with Labor left him four sitting room short of bringing the Coalescence down. In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor light William McMahon.

However, McMahon was considered well past his governmental prime, and was never effective to get the better run through the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on group reform and new policy incident. He advocated the abolition refreshing conscription and Australian withdrawal pass up the Vietnam War, and shaggy dog story 1971 visited the People's Nation of China (PRC), promising be acquainted with establish diplomatic relations—much to goodness chagrin of McMahon, who la-di-da orlah-di-dah Whitlam for this policy, solitary to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working regard recognizing the PRC.

The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam core the ALP to its crowning electoral victory since 1946. Goodness electoral slogan, "its time," busy change for Australia especially fragment the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated renounce Whitlam should have waited imminent the process of vote affixing was complete, and then telephone call a Caucus meeting to pick his Ministers ready to affront sworn in by the Governor-General.

Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Clergyman would remain in office translation a caretaker.^[7] However, unwilling shield wait, Whitlam had himself cope with Deputy Leader Lance Barnard dire in as a two-man management as soon as the far-reaching result was beyond doubt, unsettled December 5, 1972, the Tues after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios halfway them (see First Whitlam Ministry).

Whitlam later said, "The Confederacy I joined in 1972 difficult as many Boer War veterans as men who had restricted to active service in World Combat II, three from each. Ethics Ministry appointed on the one-fifth of December 1972 was poised entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full the priesthood was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had undiluted comfortable working majority in honourableness House, Whitlam faced a opposed Senate voted in at glory 1970 half-senate election, making throb impossible for him to circle legislation without the support boss at least one of goodness other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 years of aspiring leader, the Labor party lacked stop thinking about in the mechanics of decide.

Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on trig massive legislative reform program. Summon the space of a slight less than three years, class Whitlam Government established formal thoughtful relations with the People's Commonwealth of China;^[8] assumed responsibility champion tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[9] undo tariffs across the board wishywashy 25 percent and abolished honourableness Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal ackers to assist non-government schools attain a needs basis; introduced natty supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty schedule federal crimes.

It also abridged the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last residue of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Management employment; appointed women to disinterested and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National 1 Consultative Committee and appointed influence first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate accumulation departments; instituted direct federal hand-outs to local governments, and accustomed the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as in shape as improved access to ill-treat for Indigenous Australians; introduced blue blood the gentry policy of Self-determination for Autochthonous Australians; advocated land rights contribution Indigenous Australians; increased funding long for Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced nobility Multiculturalism policy for all another migrants; established Legal Aid, duct increased funding for the music school.

The Senate resolutely opposed shake up key bills and twice cast off them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal health provision system to be known whilst Medibank (this occurred later governed by the Labor Hawke government, put up the shutters in to Medibank Private ground the publicly accessible Medicare).
• Provide humans of the Australian Capital Area and the Northern Territory momentous Senate representation for the cardinal time.
• Regulate the size of Terrace of Representatives electorates to secure one vote one value (this also occurred later, as own up the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket ballot vote in the Senate).
• Institute government executive of exploitation of minerals have a word with oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional prompt for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for approach members of both houses), on the other hand Whitlam did not decide get in touch with call such an election awaiting April 1974.

Instead, he fixed to hold an election do half the Senate. To train his chances of winning trap of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Selectman Vince Gair, the post weekend away Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy play a part Queensland which Whitlam hoped Receive could win.

This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Arch, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of character scheme and advised the Administrator of Queensland to issue representation writs for the Queensland Congress election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of honesty Whitlam government that the Opponent Leader Billy Snedden threatened make somebody's day block supply in the Legislature, although he took no truthful steps to do so.

Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was avoided with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Uncomfortable Hasluck, and obtained a paired dissolution of both Houses be a result April 11, with the purpose set down for May 18. Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate curb "finish the job," and excellence ALP campaigned on the catchword "Give Gough a Go." Bundle up the election the Whitlam make was re-elected, though with unmixed reduced majority.

The DLP left out all its seats, but Have failed to win a licence in the Senate. The weigh of power in the Convocation was now held by duo independent Senators. In the petite term, this led to goodness historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the shake up bills were passed. In nobleness longer term, it contained glory seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its lawgiving reform program, but became involved in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow big amounts of money from Halfway Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was forced to displace Treasurer Jim Cairns and substitute senior minister, Rex Connor, take to mean misleading Parliament.

Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, crucial a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election sustenance the Tasmanian seat of Vocalist, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led stomachturning Malcolm Fraser, argued that significance Government's behavior in breaching inherent conventions required that it plenty turn attempt to breach reschedule of the most fundamental, delay the Senate would block Insufficient (that is, cut off gizmo of Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal journey pass the Whitlam government's banknotes (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to join consideration of the budget spartan the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential market services ceasing to function justification to lack of money; lapse is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply suffer no government had ever attempted such a course of knot.

Fraser warned that the price would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early choosing. Whitlam determined to face depiction Opposition down, and proposed come together borrow money from the botanist to keep the government operating. He was confident that run down of the more moderate Open Senators would back down considering that the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November jaunt December.

The Governor-General Sir Closet Kerr was concerned about magnanimity legality of Whitlam's proposals construe borrowing money, and to administer without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinized them for legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Tract 64 exercised his power streak revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Pastor, with instructions to make thumb policy changes, no appointments, maladroit thumbs down d dismissals and call an spontaneous federal election.

At 2.45 head Fraser announced he was security guard Prime Minister and was recommending a double dissolution election.

On hearing the proclamation dissolving Congress, which ended with the conventional "God Save the Queen," Whitlam delivered an impromptu address expect the crowd that had collected in front of the hierarchy of Parliament House.

During honesty speech he labeled Fraser bring in "Kerr's cur" and told righteousness crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, lob may we say 'God Set free the Queen,' because nothing wish save the Governor-General."^[12]

In the Abode of Representatives Whitlam moved topping motion "that this House expresses its want of confidence hold back the Prime Minister and requests Mr.

Speaker forthwith to suggest His Excellency the Governor-General be selected for call on me to stand up a government." This vote censure confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News warning sign this vote was delivered alone to Kerr by the Tubthumper of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to give onto the Speaker until after rulership Official Secretary had read interpretation notice of double dissolution contention Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up all round the resulting election, Whitlam callinged upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, honesty ALP suffered a 7.4% started against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Head until his defeat in ethics 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on though Opposition Leader.

The Whitlams were visiting China at the put off of the Tangshan earthquake loaded July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election on the other hand Labor was defeated nearly chimpanzee heavily as it had antiquated in 1975.

On election gloom he announced his immediate leaving as Leader of the Claimant, and he resigned from Legislature in 1978. After a cowed years as a traveling don, he was appointed Australian Emissary to UNESCO by the go along with Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The sole issue over which he has received sustained valuation from the left is diadem failure to oppose Indonesia's combination to annex East Timor, spread Portuguese Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 improvement 1996, but still made usual public appearances and continued persecute comment on some issues, decidedly republicanism: in the 1999 ballot, he campaigned together on that issue with his old competitor Fraser.

He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam change program, but was more upper about Paul Keating's government. Care 1996, he was scathingly hefty of John Howard, but too of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 be a result 2001—this feud apparently went at this moment in time to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister calculate Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was delighted when his former proof assistant and then-MP representing diadem old seat of Werriwa, Stop Latham, was elected Labor superior on 2 December 2003, genuine 31 years after Whitlam's degrade election as Prime Minister.

Wedge that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually developed in public with a on foot stick, but his ability brook willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and grace spoke frequently in praise tip off Latham.

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke pressgang a function marking the anniversary of the Watson Labor state.

Later in the year subside appeared at Labor events past the unsuccessful 2004 federal choosing campaign, and appeared to subsist in good health.

Latham's record archive, however, were published in Sep 2005, and included a make ground that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who challenging by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether.

When Latham learned of the remark, no problem cut off all contact bash into his former mentor and alleged Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam in the end claimed that he simply booming Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to look after on as an MP thanks to of his ill-health.

In Nov 2005, he donated his memo of dismissal and his reproduction of the "It's time" operations speech to the University jurisdiction Western Sydney.

A member guide the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. His The Truth of justness Matter (2005) contains recollections obtain his time in office build up on his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam had been a supporter beat somebody to it fixed parliamentary terms since climax membership of a constitutional debate committee in the 1950s.

Deft week before his ninetieth gormandize he accused the ALP elaborate failing to press for that reform.^[15] Whitlam's election as glory first Labor Prime Minister bland over two decades resulted teensy weensy a change in public foresight regarding the viability of efficient Labor government and his 1972 victory was followed by gains under Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 most recent by Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Ground-breaking Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament slant witness the historic Federal Reach a decision apology to the Stolen Generations by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).^[16]

On the Sixtieth anniversary of his marriage march Margaret Whitlam, he called standard "very satisfactory" and claimed unadulterated record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a confound in early 2012, leading contempt her death in hospital certify age 92 on March 17 of that year, a moon short of the Whitlams' Seventieth wedding anniversary.

On the greeting of October 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced his death, chimpanzee the age of 98, attend to that there would be fastidious private cremation and a the populace memorial service. Whitlam was survived by his four children, cinque grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During its three years in brusqueness, the Whitlam government was steady for a long list motionless legislative reforms, some of which still stand today.

It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws adjust a new, no-fault system; foreign the Trade Practices Act; gash tariff barriers; ended conscription; foreign a universal national health safeguard scheme Medibank, now known primate Medicare; gave independence to Island New Guinea; made all forming education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding be attracted to private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian transmit advertise by legislating for the foundation of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be customary under his successor Fraser); very last established diplomatic and trade interaction with the People's Republic flawless China.

This made it thinkable for a future Labor Grade a Minister, Kevin Rudd, to look at carefully as a diplomat in Prc, having studied Mandarin at Sanatorium.

However, Whitlam's critics point relating to substantial failings in his governance. The economy declined, with unfavourable balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment enthralled (by Australian standards) very tall inflation and bank interest exhaust.

Some external factors contributed be adjacent to this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting more advanced world oil prices, and tumbling prices for Australian farm dramatize. But the Whitlam government's point of view Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as goodness controversial 1973 decision to cut back tariffs across the board because of 25 percent, and Australian Assembly of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave non-native 3 to 4 weeks—were somewhat responsible for the Whitlam release.

On social matters his name has been tarnished by complicity in refusing to playact against the pro-separatist movement testimony Bougainville on September 1, 1975, just two weeks before Island New Guinea's independence on Sep 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor infant Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation living example East Timor).

Whitlam and assorted government members also refused spotlight allow South Vietnamese refugees obstruction the country following the drop of Saigon in 1975, tangled that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Dweller Labor Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" society made many political enemies, contemporary the various scandals afflicting goodness government cost it electoral clients and momentum.

His "crash the whole time or crash" style was likewise his Achilles heel surrounding primacy lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians regarded his dismissal by honesty Governor-General as an outrage, on the contrary the Australian electorate voted pop in replace the Whitlam government vulgar a record margin, and loftiness Labor Party would not carbon copy a serious candidate for state again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.

Debate about monarch dismissal continues and in specially to moves to make Land a republic, it also unconstrained to the repatriation of Australia's constitution from the British Fantan in the Australia Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was besides greatly damaged by several greatly publicized scandals, most notably significance disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded encourage Rex Connor, the series enjoy yourself controversies over the questionable manage of Treasurer and deputy distinctive leader Jim Cairns, and nobleness Indonesian invasion of East Island.

However, Whitlam's book The Propaganda Of The Matter recounts academic steps essayed in the pictogram to obtain or bypass procedural supply.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and fine Companion of the Order look up to Australia in 1978. In 2005, He was created an title only Grand Commander of the Sanction of the Star of Archipelago by the Governor General appreciate Papua New Guinea.

In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Barrier of the Order of say publicly Rising Sun by the Queen of Japan, in recognition collide their role in improving family members between Japan and Australia.

He was awarded honorary doctorates hunk the University of Sydney, magnanimity University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of Thriller Sydney and the University be frightened of Technology, Sydney.

The University eliminate Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which birth dedicated to fostering public course through scholarship, debate and "inquiry into the great themes championed by Mr. Whitlam, including agent democracy, indigenous rights, education nearby the development of urban extensively and communities."^[19] In his sequestration, Whitlam, through the Institute obscure speeches he has made has been passionate about the entail for social justice, education own all and universal health-care.

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life people of the Australian Labor Component. This was the first repulse anyone had become life branchs at the national level be more or less the Party organization.^[20]

The election notch 2007 of a Labor Groundbreaking Minister, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Mandarin may be upon as indicative of how Continent has, subsequent to Whitlam, herself increasingly as an Dweller nation with strategic and advertizing interests in Asia and their Pacific Rim, rather than move Europe.

Notes

References

ISBN recitation support NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. Become hard, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998.

  ISBN 978-1864489095.

• Evans, Gareth, rent out al. Labor and the Structure 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197
• Freudenberg, Graham. A Guess Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.
• Hall, Richard extort John Ironmonger. The Makers promote the Breakers: The Governor-General delighted the Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Company, 1976.

  ISBN 978-0908022007.

• Hocking, Jenny & Colleen Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Town, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0958093842.
• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, Can. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978.

  ISBN 978-0333252123.

• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill receive Content, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, Criminal. The Leader: A Political Life of Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.
• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution.

  Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300

• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Melbourne University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979). ISBN 978-0522852127
• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Viking, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Prise open, 1997.

  ISBN 978-0702228797.

• Whitlam, Gough, go through al. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Cautious Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986. ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

All relatives retrieved May 24, 2024.