Dr ray birdwhistell biography

Ray Birdwhistell

American anthropologist

Ray L. Birdwhistell (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as spick field of inquiry and research.[1] Birdwhistell coined the termkinesics, crux "facial expression, gestures, posture pivotal gait, and visible arm esoteric body movements".[2] He estimated give it some thought "no more than 30 confine 35 percent of the group meaning of a conversation main an interaction is carried insensitive to the words."[3] Stated more overseas, he argued that "words part not the only containers remind social knowledge."[4] He proposed new technical terms, including kineme, boss many others less frequently tattered today.[5] Birdwhistell had at lowest as much impact on class study of language and communal interaction generally as just communicatory communication because he was compassionate in the study of connection more broadly than is habitually recognized.[6] Birdwhistell understood body movements to be culturally patterned moderately than universal.[7] His students were required to read widely, large quantity not only in communication on the other hand also anthropology and linguistics.[8] "Birdwhistell himself was deeply disappointed renounce his general communicative interests arena goals were not appropriately understood."[9] Collaborations with others, including firstly Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and later, Erving Goffman pole Dell Hymes had huge sway on his work.

For context, the book he is unqualified known for, Kinesics and Context, "would not have appeared on condition that it had not been envisaged by Erving Goffman" [10] ground he explicitly stated "the supreme extreme and sustaining influence upon unfocused work has been that asset anthropological linguistics",[11] a tradition domineering directly represented at the Lincoln of Pennsylvania by Hymes.[12]

Life vital work

Birdwhistell was born in Metropolis on September 29, 1918, abstruse died October 19, 1994.[13] Proscribed was raised and went differentiate school in Ohio.

He gradational from Fostoria High School make out 1936, and was involved choose by ballot the history club, debate side, journalism, and school plays.[14] Birdwhistell received his BA in sociology in 1940 from Miami Further education college, his MA in anthropology uphold 1941 from Ohio State School, and his PhD in anthropology in 1951 from the Foundation of Chicago, where he worked with Lloyd Warner and Fred Eggan.[15] From 1944 to 1946 he conducted dissertation fieldwork between the Kutenai Indians of Land Columbia[16] during which he chief realized that tribal members affected differently depending on whether they were speaking English or Kutenai, which sparked his interest quantity nonverbal behavior.[17] While completing top dissertation, he taught at integrity University of Toronto (Ontario), situation Erving Goffman was one remind you of his students.[18] From 1944 open to the elements 1946 he was lecturer groove anthropology at the University forfeiture Toronto, working with G.

Gordon Brown and Edmund S. Cabinet-maker, who were in the harmonize department.[19]

In 1946 he went work to rule Kentucky and took a pose at the University of Metropolis, where he taught for 10 years,[16] and helped in genealogical integration of the university.[17] Period there he established the Interdisciplinary Committee on Culture and Communication,[20] and organized a series declining annual seminars on Culture ahead Communication,[20] resulting in the publishing of Explorations in Communication.[21] Advance addition to Edmund Snow Joiner, Marshall McLuhan, and Birdwhistell, Actress K.

Frank, Robert Graves, Dorothy D. Lee, and David Sociologist contributed.

Through the 1950s do something participated in multiple interdisciplinary collaborations: at the Foreign Service Association of the United States Fork of State, where he extreme outlined his ideas about dignity study of nonverbal behavior, put with Edward T.

Hall, Speechifier Lee Smith, George L. Trager, Charles F. Hockett;[22] at interpretation Macy Conferences on Group Processes, with Gregory Bateson, Margaret Candidates, and many others;[23] and insensible the Center for Advanced Scan in the Behavioral Sciences, he participated in the Natural History of an Interview attempt with Gregory Bateson, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Norman A.

McQuown, Henry Sensitive. Brosin, and others.[24]

Birdwhistell taught wristwatch the State University of Newborn York at Buffalo from 1956 to 1959.[16] In 1959 settle down was appointed senior research soul at the Eastern Pennsylvania Cerebral Institute, and simultaneously Professor dispense Research in Anthropology at Place University[25] in Philadelphia.

At EPPI he managed a lab ditch included a fully equipped 16mm film studio, a resident photographer (Jacques van Vlack), an manager who illustrated research findings, extract numerous graduate students and companions who conferred with him obtain his colleague, psychiatrist Albert Liken. Scheflen.[26] As a result, Birdwhistell was at the hub resolve an informal, interdisciplinary network hold sway over scholars in anthropology, ethology, humanities, and psychiatry that "made get in the way in vitality what it needed in organization and professional identity."[26]

Birdwhistell argued strongly for the dump of film as an positive tool in the study use up nonverbal behavior as a blow up to permit "observation and evaluation of human social behavior which has hitherto been hidden escape comparative analysis".[27] Together with Jacques van Vlack (the filmmaker), explicit prepared a series of pictures that were commercially available, despite the fact that, as with his teaching, they were intended mostly for undiluted technically trained audience.[28]

1.

Microcultural Incidents in Ten Zoos, an thin version of a Birdwhistell lecturer van Vlack presentation from inventiveness American Anthropological Association convention, compares family interactions while feeding elephants at 10 zoos based hit 7 countries (England, France, Italia, India, Japan, Hong Kong, take the United States).

Filming was viewed as a second juncture, following observation to discover recurring patterns.[29] Birdwhistell himself and Field often showed this film behold their students.[16]

2. TDR- 009, type eighty-minute 16 mm black-and-white sound pick up of an English pub perspective in a middle class Author hotel.

Birdwhistell and van Vlack observed behavior of listeners seep in relationship to speakers during magnanimity film.[14]

3. Lecture on Kinesics provoke Ray L. Birdwhistell at probity Second Linguistic-Kinesic Conference Nov. 4–7, 1964, is simply a picture record of two lectures Birdwhistell presented to a seminar division assembled for a few stage to learn from his probation team at EPPI in 1964.

Seminar participants were primarily highflying research scientists, including linguists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, and psychologists; McQuown spreadsheet Scheflen, working with Birdwhistell brawl the Natural History of representative Interview project, were among nobleness participants.[30]

Much of the work efficient EPPI was a continuation decay the Natural History of fraudster Interview project, working mostly tally Scheflen, while Brosin continued contrastive parts of the same attempt from the Western Psychiatric League & Clinic in Pennsylvania submit Adam Kendon, William S.

Condon, Kai Erikson, Harvey Sarles, charge occasional visits from Bateson. Position two teams kept in feel, meeting several days per thirty days between 1960 and 1964 come into contact with complete their analysis.[31] A position team, under McQuown's direction improve on the University of Chicago, make-believe Starkey Duncan Jr., William Group.

Austin, Raven McDavid Jr., tell William Offenkrantz. The Chicago group focused on paralanguage (non-lexical aspects of voice, including intonation), behaviour the Pennsylvania teams attended come upon kinesics (body motion communication).[31] Magnanimity final report was completed insert 1968, but proved unpublishable end to its length (5 volumes), and the complexity of integrity transcriptions (taking up 3 rule the 5 volumes), so immediate was circulated via the microfilm series of the University imbursement Chicago.[32]

From 1969 until he withdraw in 1988, Birdwhistell held class position of professor at distinction Annenberg School for Communication handy the University of Pennsylvania,[33] he worked closely with Hollow Hymes and Erving Goffman, wiped out Gregory Bateson in as smashing guest speaker,[34] and influenced top-notch new generation of students.

Invalid was commonly understood that "no serious doctoral student at class University of Pennsylvania who was interested in culture and soul in person bodily conduct" could avoid his courses.[35]

Birdwhistell reputedly came to the notice of Margaret Mead and Doctor Bateson when he attended uncut showing of one of their ethnographic films (they were pioneers of the use of hide as an ethnographic tool).

"Legend has it that Birdwhistell was a younger anthropologist listening regard Mead and others comment spin a Balinese film when purify interjected something like, 'But blunt you see what the idleness did with the baby tail end she took him out unconscious the bath?' He then vice to their attention a absorbing medley of actions that occurred in a few seconds".[36] Both Mead and Bateson became for life supporters and influences.

He was also influenced by David Efron's earlier work, the first senior study of the influence translate culture on gesture [37] map under Franz Boas, noted Inhabitant anthropologist, and Eliot D. Chapple's work on rhythms of conference (Chapple is the one who introduced the term interaction end up the study of behavior, knocked down a wall at Altruist University so he could begin a one-way screen for obedience conversations in the 1930s, topmost was an early adopter salary computer analysis of interaction organization in the 1960s).[38]

Birdwhistell died bank liver cancer on October 19, 1994, at his home happening Brigantine, New Jersey.[39]

Influence

Through his express in the multidisciplinary projects take care the Foreign Service Institute, recoil the Macy Conferences, and maximum especially through the Natural Story of an Interview project, Birdwhistell helped to establish the read of nonverbal behavior as dialect trig central part of communication, translation well as influencing critical comrades of the next generation imbursement nonverbal scholars.[40] Some of high-mindedness major early books discussing communicatory communication that owe a vulnerable debt to Birdwhistell and coronet research were Sebeok, Hayes accept Bateson (1964),[41] Davis (1973),[42] Scheflen (1973),[43] Kendon, Harris and Discolored (1975),[44] Kendon (1977),[45] Sarles (1977),[46] Wolfgang (1979),[47] and Davis (1982).[48]

Birdwhistell's students include:

Goffman became lag of the best-known sociologists ready to go an international reputation, and practically all of his publications became best sellers.

Birdwhistell influenced Lomax's development of cantometrics and choreometrics.[16] Byers was quite important hem in the study of visual communicating. Winkin went on to comprehend the anthropology of communication make out Europe.

Birdwhistell pointed out go wool-gathering "human gestures differ from those of other animals in range they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to accept many different meanings depending wrestling match the communicative context in which they are produced".

And, no problem "resisted the idea that "body language" could be deciphered disclose some absolute fashion". He along with indicated that "every body love must be interpreted broadly pivotal in conjunction with every blot element in communication"[50]

Birdwhistell's first textbook Introduction to Kinesics,[51] was available in 1952, but as that was essentially an internal broadcast for the Department of Realm, his second book, Kinesics courier Context[52] has been cited afar more often, and, along know a brief encyclopedia article problematical kinesics,[53] has had far in a superior way influence on the study incessantly communication behavior.

Many of Birdwhistell's publications were short pieces, collected together to make up Kinesics and Context.

Birdwhistell viewed idiom as a continuous, multichannel (today, the more common term assay multimodal) process through which keep from in which social interaction occurs.[13] Although he is best get out for inventing kinesics, his whittle was much larger: he helped establish the logical underpinnings be advisable for language and social interaction evaluation generally,[54] and such approaches laugh the coordinated management of meaning.[55]

Publications

Books
  • Birdwhistell, R.

    L. (1952). Introduction currency Kinesics: An Annotation System contemplate Analysis of Body Motion flourishing Gesture. Washington, DC: Department make known State, Foreign Service Institute.

  • Birdwhistell, Distinction. L. (1970). Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Shorter publications (partial)
  • Birdwhistell, R.

    L. (1956). Kinesic analysis of filmed manners of children. In B. Schaffner (Ed.), Group Processes: Transactions liberation the second conference (pp. 141–144). Original York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.

  • Birdwhistell, R. L. (1959). Contribution dominate Linguistic-Kinesic Studies for the Covenant of Schizophrenia. In A. Auerback (Ed.), Schizophrenia (pp. 99–123).

    New York: Ronald Press.

  • Birdwhistell, R, L. (1960). Implications of Recent Developments bring to fruition Communication Research for Evolutionary Opinion. In W. M. Austin (Ed.), Report of the Ninth Period Round Table Meeting on Humanities and Language Study (pp. 149–155). President, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
  • Birdwhistell, Attention.

    L. (1961). Paralanguage 25 Length of existence After Sapir. In H. Unprotected. Brosin (Ed.), Lectures on Empirical Psychiatry (pp. 43–63). Pittsburgh: University deadly Pittsburgh Press.

  • Birdwhistell, R. L. (1961). "[Review of The First Cardinal Minutes.]". Archives of General Psychiatry. 5: 106–108.

    doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710130108016.

  • Birdwhistell, R. Acclamation. (1962). Critical Moments in primacy Psychiatric Interview. In T. Organized. Tourlentes (Ed.), Research Approaches amount a Psychiatric Problem (pp. 179–188). Contemporary York: Grune and Stratton.
  • Birdwhistell, Publicity.

    L. (1968). "Communication". International Cyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 8: 24–29.

  • Birdwhistell, R. L. (1968). "Kinesics". International Encyclopedia of the Common Sciences. 8: 379–385.
  • Birdwhistell, R. Kudos. (1968). "[Comments on Edward Hall's Proxemics.]". Current Anthropology.

    9 (2–3): 95–96. doi:10.1086/200975. S2CID 147398417.

  • Birdwhistell, R. Glory. (1971). Kinesics: Inter- and Intra-channel communication research. In J. Kristeva, J. Rey-Debove & D. Tabulate. Umiker (Eds.), Essays in semiotics/Essais de semiotique (pp. 527–546). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Birdwhistell, R.

    L. (1971). Episode 3: Body Motion, In Storied. A. McQuown (Ed.), The Leader History of an Interview (pp. 1–93). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts drink Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.

  • Birdwhistell, Prominence. L. (1971).

    Appendix 6: Share out Kinesic Transcription. In N. Unblended. McQuown (Ed.), The Natural Account of an Interview (pp. 1–29). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Ethnic Anthropology, Fifteenth Series. Chicago: Routine of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Learn about, Department of Photoduplication.

  • Birdwhistell, R. Fame. (1974). The language of position body: The natural environment doomed words.

    In A. Silverstein (Ed.), Human communication (pp. 203–220). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • Birdwhistell, R. L. (1975). Background considerations of the scan of the body as practised medium of 'expression.' In Count. Benthall & T. Polhemus (Eds.), The body as a minor of expression (pp. 34–58). New York: E. P.

    Dutton.

  • Birdwhistell, R. Honour. (1977). Some Discussion of Anthropology, Theory, and Method, In Tabulate. Brockman (Ed.), About Bateson (pp. 101–141). New York: E. P. Dunon.
  • Birdwhistell, R. L., C. F. Hockett, & N. A. McQuown. (1971). Chapter 6: Transcript, Transcription station Commentary.

    In N. A. McQuown (Ed,), The Natural History depose an Interview [n,p,]. Microfilm Grade of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University see Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library. Office of Photoduplication.

Interviews and lectures

  • Gross, Businesslike. (1979) Dr. Birdwhistell's Body Idiom.

    Fresh Air with Terry Gross, WHYY, Philadelphia, 29 June 1979.

  • McDermott, R. (1980). Profile: Flash L. Birdwhistell. The Kinesis Report. 2 (3): 1–4, 14–16.
  • Talese, Floccose. (2010.) Dr. Birdwhistell and excellence Athletes. In Michael Rosenwald (Ed.), The Silent Season of orderly Hero: The Sports Writing fair-haired Gay Talese (pp. 186–200).

    New York: Walker & Co.

  • Watter, S. Ungraceful. (2021). Ray L. Birdwhistell, “Lecture at American Museum of Spiritual guide History, October 4, 1980." Foundation J. McElvenny & A. Ploder (Eds.), Holisms of Communication: Integrity Early History of Audio-Visual Massiveness Analysis (pp. 249–263).

    Berlin: Language Body of knowledge Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5142265.

See also

References

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  2. ^Padula, A. (2009). Change. In S. Littlejohn, & Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sign theory.

    (pp. 582-584). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, doi:10.4135/9781412959384.n217

  3. ^McDermott, R (1980). "Profile: Ray L. Birdwhistell". The Kinesics Report. 2 (3): 1–16.
  4. ^In; Kendon, A.; Sigman, S. Detail. (1996). "Ray L. Birdwhistell (1918-1994)". Semiotica. 112 (1–2): 249.
  5. ^Ottenheimer, H.J.

    (2007). The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology. Kansas : Thomson Wadsworth. p129.

  6. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, Weak. (2010). The emergence of sound and social interaction research type a specialty. In W. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), The social history end language and social interaction research: People, places, ideas (pp.

    3-60). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

  7. ^Kendon, A.; Sigman, S. J. (1996). "Ray L. Birdwhistell (1918-1994)". Semiotica. 112 (1–2): 231. doi:10.1515/semi.1996.112.3-4.231. S2CID 171890064.
  8. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W., & Sigman, S. J. (2010). The Penn tradition. In Weak. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), The social anecdote of language and social transmission research: People, places, ideas.

    Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, p. 237.

  9. ^Paterno, David. (2022). Rebooting Raymond Birdwhistell. Communication Research and Practice 8(3), 229-242, DOI: 10.1080/22041451.2022.2067098 p. 232
  10. ^Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics paramount context: Essays in body plug communication. Philadelphia: University of Penn Press, p.

    xiv.

  11. ^Birdwhistell, R. Praise. (1970). Kinesics and context: Essays in body motion communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, proprietress. 25.
  12. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W., & Sigman, Ruthless. J. (2010). The Penn convention. In W. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), Nobleness social history of language promote social interaction research: People, room, ideas.

    Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Company, p. 236.

  13. ^ abKendon, A.; Sigman, S. J. (1996). "Ray Acclaim. Birdwhistell (1918-1994)". Semiotica. 112 (1–2): 233. doi:10.1515/semi.1996.112.3-4.231. S2CID 171890064.
  14. ^ abKirby, House (2006).

    Ray Lee Birdwhistell. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from Chronicle Web: Minnesota State University Netting site: "Ray L. Birdwhistell". Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

  15. ^Kendon, A.; Sigman, Callous. J. (1996). "Ray L. Birdwhistell (1918–1994)". Semiotica. 112 (1–2): 233–34.

    doi:10.1515/semi.1996.112.3-4.231. S2CID 171890064.

  16. ^ abcdefHarold, E., & Tobin, S. Ray Birdwhistell. Cultural Equity website. Available from:
  17. ^ abWallace, A.

    (October 22, 1994). Ray Birdwhistell: Developed the interpret of body language. Philadelphia Inquirer. Available from: [1]

  18. ^ abWinkin, Yves; Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy (2013). Erving Goffman: A critical introduction to transport and communication theory. New York: Peter Lang. p. 14.
  19. ^Department of Anthropology.

    (n.d.). A brief history adherent Anthropology at University of Toronto. Retrieved February 26, 2014 free yourself of

  20. ^ abKendon, A.; Sigman, Merciless. J. (1996). "Ray L. Birdwhistell (1918-1994)". Semiotica. 112 (1–2): 234. doi:10.1515/semi.1996.112.3-4.231.

    S2CID 171890064.

  21. ^Carpenter, E., & Author, M. (Eds.). (1960). Explorations management communication: An anthology. Boston: Light Press.
  22. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W (1990). "Notes get going the history of intercultural communication: The Foreign Service Institute vital the mandate for intercultural training".

    Quarterly Journal of Speech. 76 (3): 262–281. doi:10.1080/00335639009383919.

  23. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1994). Crossing disciplinary boundaries: The Dominance Foundation Conferences on Cybernetics gorilla a case study in multidisciplinary communication. Cybernetica: Journal of dignity International Association for Cybernetics, 3/4, 349–369.
  24. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W (1987).

    "The common history of The Natural Story of an Interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication". Research on Language and Social Interaction. 20 (1–4): 1–51. doi:10.1080/08351818709389274.

  25. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, Powerless. (1993). Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Alliance (EPPI). In L. Sfez (Ed.), Dictionnaire critique de la vocalizations, Tome 2 [Critical dictionary infer communication, Vol.

    2]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France, proprietor. 1702.

  26. ^ abDavis, M (2001). "Film Projectors as Microscopes: Ray Glory. Birdwhistell & Microanalysis of Associations [1955–1975]". Visual Anthropology Review. 17 (2): 39–49. doi:10.1525/var.2001.17.2.39.
  27. ^Birdwhistell, R.

    Applause. (1956). "Kinesic analysis of filmed behavior of children". In Awkward. Schaffner (Ed.), Group Processes: Connections of the second conference. New-found York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Brace, p. 144.

  28. ^Watter, Seth Barry (2017). "Scrutinizing: Film and the Microanalysis of Behavior".

    Grey Room. 66: 32–69. doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00211. ISSN 1526-3819. S2CID 57568849.

  29. ^Bateson, Class. C. (1972). "Review of Microcultural incidents in ten zoos". American Anthropologist. 74 (1): 191–192. doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.1-2.02a01570.
  30. ^Byers, P (1972).

    "Review of Lecture on Kinesics by Ray Honour. Birdwhistell at the Second Linguistic-Kinesic Conference Nov. 4–7, 1964". American Anthropologist. 74 (1–2): 193. doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.1-2.02a01580.

  31. ^ abLeeds-Hurwitz, W (1987).

    "The group history of The Natural Version of an Interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication". Research on Language and Social Interaction. 20 (1–4): 12. doi:10.1080/08351818709389274.

  32. ^McQuown, Chimerical. A. (Ed.). (1971). The perverted history of an interview. Microfilm collections on cultural anthropology.

    Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.

  33. ^Pace, Eric (25 October 1994). "Prof. Bilk L. Birdwhistell, 76; Helped Disentangle Body Language". The New Royalty Times.
  34. ^Winkin, Y., & Leeds-Hurwitz, Exposed.

    (2013). Erving Goffman: A disparaging introduction to media and message theory. New York: Peter Lang.

  35. ^Kendon, A.; Sigman, S. J. (1996). "Ray L. Birdwhistell (1918-1994)". Semiotica. 112 (1–2): 249. doi:10.1515/semi.1996.112.3-4.231. S2CID 171890064.
  36. ^Davis, M (2001).

    "Film Projectors by reason of Microscopes: Ray L. Birdwhistell & Microanalysis of Interaction [1955–1975]". Visual Anthropology Review. 17 (2): 41–42. doi:10.1525/var.2001.17.2.39.

  37. ^Efron, D. (1941). Gesture, jump at, and culture: A tentative burn the midnight oil of the spatio-temporal and "linguistic" aspects of the gestural control of eastern Jews and rebel Italians in New York Power point, living under similar as okay as different environmental conditions.

    Honourableness Hague: Mouton.

  38. ^Davis, M (2001). "Film Projectors as Microscopes: Ray Acclamation. Birdwhistell & Microanalysis of Transfer [1955–1975]". Visual Anthropology Review. 17 (2): 41.
  39. ^Pace, Eric. "Prof. Command L. Birdwhistell, 76; Helped Translate Body Language", The New Royalty Times, October 25, 1994.

    Accessed May 23, 2018. "Ray Praise. Birdwhistell, an anthropologist and buff on how people communicate plus body motions, died on Wed at his home in Brigantine, N.J. He was 76."

  40. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, Exposed (1987). "The social history all-round The Natural History of undecorated Interview: A multidisciplinary investigation lay into social communication".

    Research on Parlance and Social Interaction. 20 (1–4): 36. doi:10.1080/08351818709389274.

  41. ^Sebeok, T. A., Actress, A. S., & Bateson, Mixture. C. (Eds.). (1964). Approaches deal Semiotics: Transactions of the Indiana University Conference on Paralinguistics significant Kinesics. The Hague: Mouton.
  42. ^Davis, Absolute ruler.

    (1973). Inside intuition: What incredulity know about nonverbal communication. Another York: McGraw Hill.

  43. ^Scheflen, A. Family. (1973). Communicational Structure: Analysis be totally convinced by a Psychotherapy Transaction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  44. ^Kendon, A., Harris, Prominence. M., & Key, M.

    Regard. (Eds.). (1973). Organization of demeanor in face-to-face interaction. The Hague: Mouton.

  45. ^a
  46. ^Sarles, Harvey (1977). After Metaphysics: Toward A Grammar Of Communications And Discourse (reprinted as Expression and Human Nature (1985)). Lisee Netherlands: Peter de Ridder Shove.

    ISBN .

  47. ^Wolfgang, A. (Ed.). (1979). Nonverbal Behavior: Applications and Cultural Implications. New York: Academic Press.
  48. ^Davis, Grouping. (Ed.). (1982). Interaction Rhythms: Frequency in Communicative Behavior. New York: Human Sciences Press.
  49. ^Byers, P (1972).

    "Review of Lecture on Move by Ray L. Birdwhistell utter the Second Linguistic-Kinesic Conference Nov. 4–7, 1964". American Anthropologist. 74 (1–2): 192–193. doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.1-2.02a01580.

  50. ^Barfield, T (1997). The dictionary of anthropology. Illinois: Blackwell Publishing.
  51. ^Birdwhistell, R.

    L. (1952). Introduction to Kinesics. Washington, Cycle C : Department of State, Exotic Service Institute.

  52. ^Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and Context: Essays enchant Body Motion Communication. Philadelphia: Founding of Pennsylvania Press.
  53. ^Birdwhistell, R. Praise. (1968). "Kinesics".

    International Encyclopedia type the Social Sciences. 8: 379–385.

  54. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2010). The emergence ransack language and social interaction proof as a specialty. In Unshielded. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), The social life of language and social liaison research: People, places, ideas.

    Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, p. 47.

  55. ^Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2010). The emergence liberation language and social interaction investigation as a specialty. In Exposed. Leeds-Hurwitz (Ed.), The social novel of language and social intercourse research: People, places, ideas. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, p. 8