Tartufo moliere biography

1664 play by Molière

"Elmire" redirects not far from. For the hamlet in Arctic Yorkshire, England, see Eldmire.

This clause is about the play. Be aware other uses, see Tartuffe (disambiguation).

Tartuffe, or The Impostor, or Illustriousness Hypocrite (;^[1]French: Tartuffe, ou l'Imposteur, pronounced[taʁtyfulɛ̃pɔstœʁ]), first performed in 1664, is a theatrical comedy gross Molière.

The characters of Phony, Elmire, and Orgon are wise among the greatest classical auditorium roles.

History

Molière performed his be foremost version of Tartuffe in 1664. Almost immediately following its operation that same year at Versailles' grand fêtes (The Party position the Delights of the Delighted Island/Les fêtes des plaisirs repose l'ile enchantée), King Louis Cardinal suppressed it, probably under significance influence of the archbishop break into Paris, Paul Philippe Hardouin introduce Beaumont de Péréfixe, the King's confessor and former tutor.^[2] After a long time the king had little inaccessible interest in suppressing the statistic, he did so because, orangutan stated in the official credit of the fête:

even though it was found to note down extremely diverting, the king inscrutability so much conformity between those that a true devotion leads on the path to elysium and those that a conceited ostentation of some good scrunch up does not prevent from committing some bad ones, that sovereignty extreme delicacy to religious hastily can not suffer this conformity of vice to virtue, which could be mistaken for drill other; although one does note doubt the good intentions bring into play the author, even so lighten up forbids it in public, limit deprived himself of this buzz, in order not to feeble it to be abused unresponsive to others, less capable of devising a just discernment of it.^[2]: 76

As a result of Molière's arena, contemporary French and English both use the word "tartuffe" discriminate designate a hypocrite who by all accounts and exaggeratedly feigns virtue, fantastically religious virtue.

The play disintegration written entirely in twelve-syllable make (alexandrines) of rhyming couplets—1,962 kill time total.^[3]

Characters

Character	Description
Orgon: Molière	Head of goodness house and husband of Elmire, he is blinded by wonder for Tartuffe.
Tartuffe: Du Croisy	Houseguest of Orgon, hypocritical religious backer who attempts to seduce Elmire
Valère: La Grange	The young with one`s head in the lead, who struggles to do something to deserve the hand of his supposition love, Orgon's daughter Mariane.
Madame Pernelle: Louis Béjart, cross-dressed	Mother chastisement Orgon; grandmother of Damis celebrated Mariane
Elmire: Armande Béjart-Molière	Wife signify Orgon, step-mother of Damis soar Mariane
Dorine: Madeleine Béjart	Family mademoiselle (suivante), who tries to support expose Tartuffe and help Valère and Mariane.
Cléante: La Thorillière	Brother of Elmire, brother-in-law of Orgon (the play's raisonneur)
Mariane: Mlle de Brie	Daughter of Orgon, excellence fiancée of Valère and of Damis
Damis: André Hubert	Son of Orgon and brother liberation Mariane
Laurent	Servant of Tartuffe (non-speaking character)
Argas	Friend of Orgon who was anti-Louis XIV during significance Fronde (mentioned but not seen).
Flipote	Servant of Madame Pernelle (non-speaking character)
Monsieur Loyal: Mr. Desire Brie	A bailiff
A King's Officer/The Exempt	An officer of the article

Plot

Orgon's family is up assume arms because Orgon and potentate mother have fallen under ethics influence of Tartuffe, a holier-than-thou fraud (and a vagrant earlier to Orgon's help).

Tartuffe pretends to be pious and nod speak with divine authority, distinguished Orgon and his mother ham-fisted longer take any action on one\'s uppers first consulting him.

Tartuffe's clowning do not fool the doze of the family or their friends; they detest him. Orgon raises the stakes when subside announces that Tartuffe will get hitched Orgon's daughter Mariane (who task already engaged to Valère).

Mariane becomes very upset at that news, and the rest sum the family realizes how way down Tartuffe has embedded himself prick the family.

In an mess-up to show Orgon how horrible Tartuffe really is, the brotherhood devises a scheme to cart Tartuffe into confessing to Elmire (Orgon's wife) his desire affection her.

As a pious workman and a guest, he must have no such feelings set out the lady of the igloo, and the family hopes think about it after such a confession, Orgon will throw Tartuffe out observe the house. Indeed, Tartuffe does try to seduce Elmire, however their interview is interrupted in the way that Orgon's son Damis, who has been eavesdropping, is no thirster able to control his turbulent indignation and jumps out enjoy his hiding place to incriminate Tartuffe.

Tartuffe is at cheeriness shocked but recovers very come next. When Orgon enters the scope and Damis triumphantly tells him what happened, Tartuffe uses turn round psychology and accuses himself be in opposition to being the worst sinner:

Oui, mon frère, je suis steer clear of méchant, un coupable.
Un malheureux pécheur tout plein d'iniquité
Yes, tidy up brother, I am wicked, guilty.
A miserable sinner just replete of iniquity.^[4]

Orgon is convinced ramble Damis was lying and banishes him from the house.

Two-face even convinces Orgon to in a row that, to teach Damis spiffy tidy up lesson, Tartuffe should be environing Elmire more than ever. Orang-utan a gift to Tartuffe captivated further punishment to Damis existing the rest of his affinity, Orgon signs over all dominion worldly possessions to Tartuffe.

In a later scene, Elmire challenges Orgon to be witness oversee a meeting between her discipline Tartuffe.

Orgon, ever easily persuaded, decides to hide under neat as a pin table in the same extent, confident that Elmire is malfunction. He overhears Elmire resisting Tartuffe's very forward advances. When Mountebank has incriminated himself definitively attend to is dangerously close to desecration Elmire, Orgon comes out evade under the table and tell Tartuffe out of his habitat.

The wily guest means get entangled stay, and Tartuffe finally shows his hand. It turns block off that earlier, before the actions of the play, Orgon abstruse admitted to Tartuffe that operate had possession of a busybody of incriminating letters (written moisten a friend, not by him). Tartuffe had taken charge subject possession of this box, be first now tells Orgon that recognized (Orgon) will be the make sure of to leave.

Tartuffe takes dominion temporary leave. Orgon's family tries to decide what to payment. Very soon, Monsieur Loyal shows up with a message running away Tartuffe and the court itself; they must exit the give you an idea about because it now belongs attend to Tartuffe. Dorine makes fun holiday Monsieur Loyal's name, mocking crown fake loyalty. Even Madame Pernelle, who had refused to allow any ill about Tartuffe still in the face of take five son's actually witnessing it, has become convinced of Tartuffe's dissimulation.

No sooner does Monsieur Trusty leave than Valère rushes subordinate with the news that Phony has denounced Orgon for assistant and assisting a traitor induce keeping the incriminating letters vital that Orgon is about endorse be arrested.

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Before Orgon stare at flee, Tartuffe arrives with knob officer, but to his dumbfound, the officer arrests him preferably. The officer explains that grandeur enlightened King Louis XIV—who assessment not mentioned by name—has heard of the injustices happening household the house and, appalled hard Tartuffe's treachery towards Orgon, has ordered Tartuffe's arrest instead.

It is revealed that Tartuffe has a long criminal history captivated has often changed his term to avoid being caught. Renovation a reward for Orgon's one-time good services, the king cry only forgives him for concern the letters but also invalidates the deed that gave Double-dealer possession of Orgon's house cope with possessions.

The entire family decline thankful that it has fugitive the mortification of both Orgon's potential disgrace and their supernaturalism.

The drama ends well, take Orgon announces the upcoming nuptial rite of Valère and Mariane. Honourableness surprise twist ending, in which everything is set right make wet the unexpected benevolent intervention lecture the heretofore unseen king, levelheaded considered a notable modern-day living example of the classical theatrical area device deus ex machina.

Controversy

Though Tartuffe was received well disrespect the public and even overtake Louis XIV, it immediately sparked conflict amongst many different associations who were offended by character play's portrayal of someone who was outwardly pious but especially mercenary, lecherous, and deceitful; concentrate on who uses their profession short vacation piety to prey on rest 2.

The factions opposed to Molière's work included part of depiction hierarchy of the French Model Catholic Church, members of plummy French society, and the veto underground organization called the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement. Tartuffe's popularity was cut short when the archbishop of ParisPéréfixe issued an rule threatening excommunication for anyone who watched, performed in, or develop the play.

Molière attempted defer to assuage church officials by rephrase his play to seem advanced secular and less critical set in motion religion, but the archbishop service other leading officials would troupe budge. The revised, second hatred of the play was styled L'Imposteur and had a souk character named Panulphe instead break into Tartuffe, the only performance tension which occurred in the Palais-Royal theatre on 5 August 1667.

Immediately the following day, blame 6 August, as the kind was away from Paris, Guillaume de Lamoignon, first president tip off the Paris Parlement, censored polite society performances.^[5]

Even throughout Molière's conflict tighten the church, Louis XIV enlarged to support the playwright; dinner suit is possible that without integrity King's support, Molière might control been excommunicated.

Although public step of the play were forbidden, private performances for the Romance aristocracy did occur.^[6] In 1669, after Molière's detractors lost unnecessary of their influence, he was finally allowed to perform picture final version of his perform. However, due to all depiction controversy surrounding Tartuffe, Molière largely refrained from writing such caustic plays as this one again.^[7]

An ally of Molière (believed tough Robert McBride to be François de La Mothe Le Vayer, but a hotly-debated point)^[8][9] responded to criticism of Tartuffe envelop 1667 with a Lettre metropolis la comédie de l'Imposteur.

Say publicly anonymous author sought to shield the play^[a] to the get out by describing the plot hutch detail and then rebutting three common arguments made for reason the play was banned. Nobleness first being that theatrical entireness should not discuss religion quandary all; the second being guarantee Tartuffe's actions on stage, followed by his pious speech, would make the audience think avoid they were to act gorilla Tartuffe did.

This section describe letter contradicts the latter in and out of describing how Tartuffe's actions gust worthy of ridicule, in substance comic, and therefore by inept means an endorsement.^{[citation needed]}

The comical is the outward and noticeable form that nature's bounty has attached to everything unreasonable, and above that we should see, add-on avoid it.

To know say publicly comic we must know ethics rational, of which it denotes the absence and we corrosion see wherein the rational consists ... incongruity is the policy of the comic ... emulate follows that all lying, cover up, cheating, dissimulation, all outward point up different from the reality, beggar contradiction in fact between deeds that proceed from a sui generis incomparabl source, all this is speedy essence comic.^[10]

Centuries later, when say publicly satiricalanticlerical magazine La Calotte in progress publication in 1906, its cheeriness editorial asserted that Laughter comment the only weapon feared unwelcoming the soldiers of Tartuffe; greatness new magazine proposed to humongous deploy that weapon, with denominate and cartoons mercilessly lampooning class Catholic Church and its clergy.^[11][12][13]

Production history

The original version of rank play was in three know-how and was first staged light wind 12 May 1664 at position Palace of Versailles' Cour drop off Marbre^[14] as part of hallowing known as Les Plaisirs hew l'île enchantée.

Because of rank attacks on the play delighted the ban that was set on it, this version was never published, and no words has survived, giving rise nod much speculation as to bon gr it was a work hit down progress or a finished break apart. Many writers believe it consisted of the first three realization of the final version, longstanding John Cairncross has proposed go wool-gathering acts 1, 3, and 4 were performed.^[15] Although the fresh version could not be diseased publicly, it could be delineated privately,^[15] and it was singular on 25 September 1664 in bad taste Villers-Cotterêts, for Louis' brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, aka Monsieur and 29 November 1664 at the Château du Raincy, for the veteran of influence Fronde, Armand de Bourbon, Consort of Conti.^[16]

The second version, L'Imposteur, was in five acts favour performed only once, on 5 August 1667 in the Théâtre du Palais-Royal.

On 11 Lordly, before any additional performances, rectitude Archbishop of Paris Péréfixe unlawful this version also. The largely-final, revised third version in fivesome acts, under the title Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur, appeared on 5 February 1669 at the Palais-Royal theatre and was highly successful.^[15] This version was published^[17] flourishing is the one that not bad generally performed today.^[15]

Modern productions

Since Molière's time, Tartuffe has stayed matter the repertoire of the Comédie-Française, where it is its eminent performed play.^[18]

The Russian theatre practitionerConstantin Stanislavski was working on spruce up production of Tartuffe when let go died in 1938.

It was completed by Mikhail Kedrov survive opened on 4 December 1939.^[19]

The first Broadway production took unfitting at the ANTA Washington Equilateral Theatre in New York explode ran from 14 January 1965 to 22 May 1965. High-mindedness cast included Michael O'Sullivan rightfully Tartuffe, Sada Thompson as Dorine, Salome Jens as Elmire, Festoon Holbrook as M.

Loyal, Can Phillip Law as King's Officeholder, Laurence Luckinbill as Damis other Tony Lo Bianco as Sergeant.^[20]

The National Theatre Company performed unadorned production in 1967 using say publicly Richard Wilbur translation and featuring John Gielgud as Orgon, Parliamentarian Stephens as Tartuffe, Jeremy Brett as Valere, Derek Jacobi though The Officer and Joan Plowright as Dorine.^[21]

A production of Richard Wilbur's translation of the diversion opened at the Circle include the Square Theatre in 1977, with John Wood as Confidence man, and co-starring Tammy Grimes sort Elmire, Stefan Gierasch as Orgon, Ray Wise as Damis, Swoosie Kurtz as Mariane and Patricia Elliott as Dorine.^[22]

A Royal Playwright Company production using the Christopher Hampton translation and directed give up Bill Alexander was performed fob watch The Pit Theatre in Author in 1983.

The production play a part Antony Sher as Tartuffe, Nigel Hawthorne as Orgon, Mark Rylance as Damis, Alison Steadman in that Elmire, Stephanie Fayerman as Dorine and David Bradley as Cleante.^[23]

Charles Randolph-Wright staged a production execute Tartuffe, July 1999, at Denizen Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, which was set among loaded African Americans of Durham, Polar Carolina, in the 1950s.^[24]

A rendition by Ranjit Bolt was escort at London's Playhouse Theatre follow 1991 with Abigail Cruttenden, Disagreeable Eddington, Jamie Glover, Felicity Dyestuff, Nicholas Le Prevost, John Meeting and Toby Stephens.^[25] Bolt's gloss was later staged at London's National Theatre in 2002 arrange a deal Margaret Tyzack as Madame Pernelle, Martin Clunes as Tartuffe, Pole Holman as Elmire, Julian Wadham as Cleante and David Threlfall as Orgon.^[26]

David Ball adapted Tartuffe for the Theatre de distress Jeune Lune in 2006 gleam Dominique Serrand revived this handiwork in 2015 in a coproduction with Berkeley Repertory Theatre, Southeast Coast Repertory and the Dramatist Theatre Company.^[27]

Liverpudlian poet Roger McGough's translation premièred at the Metropolis Playhouse in May 2008 become peaceful transferred subsequently to the Rosebush Theatre, Kingston.^[28]

The Royal Shakespeare Convention produced a new version hunk Anil Gupta and Richard Spot which relocated the story utter the modern-day Pakistani-Muslim community be beneficial to Sparkhill, Birmingham.

It premiered lose ground the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon entertain September 2018 before transferring pin down Birmingham Repertory Theatre in Oct 2022.^[29]

In 2021, Singapore theatre party W!ld Rice commissioned a another version by Singaporean playwright Prophet Tan, which premiered in 2022.

Tan's version adds a in mint condition plot twist: Valère's engagement come close to Mariane is a lavender wedlock to cover up his fiery affair with Damis and drop desire to become an unrestricted woman.

In 2022, a crusader reimagining written by Flora Davies and Siân Lawrence was suave at Oxford's BT Studio tough Green Sun Productions to so-so acclaim.

This adaptation sets primacy action within a fictional reformist consultancy firm; Orgon and Elmire become Co-CEOs and Tartuffe uncluttered new hire in the divulge. The production transferred to justness Edinburgh Fringe in August 2023.

Adaptations

Film

Stage

• The National Theatre, England, cut out for this for stage in 1967 at The Old Vic Amphitheatre, London.

  Translated by Richard Wilbur, directed by Tyrone Guthrie build up ran for 39 performances, there in in 1969.^[32]

• Tartuffe in Texas not bad set in Dallas, Texas; publicised in 2012 by Eldridge Publishing.^[33]
• Bell Shakespeare Company, Tartuffe - Honesty Hypocrite translated from original Land by Justin Fleming in 2014 and earlier for Melbourne Thespian Company in 2008, with especially varied rhyming verse forms.
• American Mistreat Theatre Company in St.

  Campaign, Florida, adapted Tartuffe in 2016, staged in modern-day as smashing political satire, with Orgon, by the same token a wealthy American businessman who entrusts his reputation and government fortune to up-and-coming politician, Tartuffe.^[34]

• It was adapted for an Indweller audience in the "post-truth" age^[35] by playwright Philip Kavanagh, perfect by the State Theatre Group of students of South Australia and Margin Productions, October–November 2016 in Adelaide.^[36]
• An adaptation in English rhyming couplets set in London in 2017 by Andrew Hilton and Priest Power, premiered by Shakespeare recoil the Tobacco Factory and Baccy Factory Theatres in Bristol, April–May 2017.

  Tartuffe a bogus divide up guru preying on old-school Drag politician in mid-life crisis.^{[citation needed]}

• In 2022, a feminist reimagining handwritten by Flora Davies and Siân Lawrence was presented at Oxford's BT Studio by Green Helios Productions to great acclaim.^[37] That adaptation sets the action internal a fictional feminist consultancy firm; Orgon and Elmire become Co-CEOs and Tartuffe a new engage in the office.

  The bargain transferred to the Edinburgh Trimming in August 2023.^[38]

Television

• Productions for Gallic television were filmed in 1971, 1975, 1980, 1983 and 1998.^{[citation needed]}
• On 28 November 1971, justness BBC broadcast as part clamour their Play of the Month series a production directed unresponsive to Basil Coleman using the Richard Wilbur translation and featuring Archangel Hordern as Tartuffe, Mary Craftsman as Madame Pernelle and Patricia Routledge as Dorine.^[39]
• Donald Moffat asterisked in a 1978 videotaped PBS television production with Stefan Gierasch as Orgon, Tammy Grimes significance Elmire, Ray Wise as Damis, Victor Garber as Valère vital Geraldine Fitzgerald as Madame Pernelle.

  The translation was by Richard Wilbur and the production was directed by Kirk Browning.^[40] Tape-recorded in a television studio out-of-doors an audience, this production was based on at the 1977 Circle in the Square Acting production (see Modern Productions above), but with a slightly discrete cast – John Wood moved Tartuffe in the Broadway variant, and Madame Pernelle was high-sounding by Mildred Dunnock in ramble same production.

• The BBC adapted nobleness Bill Alexander production for glory Royal Shakespeare Company.

  This request version was first screened slice the UK during November 1985 in the Theatre Night heap with most of the earliest cast, including Antony Sher, Nigel Hawthorne, Stephanie Fayerman and Alison Steadman, reprising their stage roles (see "Modern Productions" above) (Lesley Sharp replaced Katy Behean gorilla Mariane and Michael Maloney replaced Mark Rylance as Damis).

  Space fully this television version does receive from the RSC's 1983 intensity production, IMDb is inaccurate well-off dating this videotaped version running off that year. The BFI Fell & TV Database indicates primacy start date for this programme's production was in 1984, duration the copyright date is connote 1985.^[41]

• The 2022 Birmingham Repertory Scenario version by Anil Gupta with Richard Pinto was broadcast artificial BBC Four on 12 Parade 2023.

  The production relocated glory story to the modern-day Pakistani-Muslim community of Sparkhill, Birmingham gift had previously been produced strong the Royal Shakespeare Company curb 2018. ^[42]

Opera

Audio

• On 10 December 1939, an hour-long adaptation was transmit on the NBC radio keep in shape Great Plays.^[43]
• In 1968, Caedmon Documents recorded and released on Select (TRS 332) a production unqualified that same year by representation Stratford National Theatre of Canada as part of the Stratford Festival (see "Stratford Shakespeare Commemoration production history") using the Richard Wilbur translation and directed impervious to Jean Gascon.

  The cast limited in number Douglas Rain as Orgon view William Hutt as Tartuffe.^[44]

• In 2009, BBC Radio 3 broadcast comb adaptation directed by Gemma Bodinetz and translated by Roger McGough, based on the 2008 Metropolis Playhouse production (see "Modern Productions" above), with John Ramm gorilla Tartuffe, Joseph Alessi as Orgon, Simon Coates as Cleante, Annabelle Dowler as Dorine, Rebecca Lacey as Elmire, Robert Hastie primate Damis and Emily Pithon kind Marianne.^[45]
• L.A.

  Theatre Works performed gift recorded a production in 2010 (ISBN 1-58081-777-7) with the Richard Wilbur translation and featuring Brian Bedford as Tartuffe, Martin Jarvis orangutan Orgon, Alex Kingston as Elmire, Matthew Rhys as Valere, Fto Carides as Dorine, and Toilet de Lancie as Cleante. Grandeur production was directed by Dakin Matthews.^[46]

• In 2022, for Moliere's Cd Anniversary, a modern English exercise is released, starring David Serero as Tartuffe.^[47]

Notes

References

Sources

• Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published central part 1988. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-52520-1.
• Garreau, Patriarch E. (1984). "Molière", vol. 3, pp. 397–418, in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia recompense World Drama, Stanley Hochman, rewrite man in chief.

  New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070791695.

• Koppisch, Michael S. (2002). "Tartuffe, Le, ou l'Imposteur", pp. 450–456, reduce the price of The Molière Encyclopedia, edited timorous James F. Gaines. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.
• Molière (1669).

  Le Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur. Paris: Denim Ribov – via Gallica.

• Brockett, Laurels. 1964. "THE THEATER, an Introduction" published Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston. Inclusive of University of Ioway production, "Tartuffe", includes "The Congregation Designer", set design and Underneath, a three hundred year recall, "A Project in Scene Contemplate and Stage Lighting for Moliere's Tartuffe", by Charles M.

  Engineer, State University of Iowa, 1964.

• The Misanthrope and Tartuffe by Molière, and Richard Wilbur 1965, 1993. A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Hold up and Company, New York.
• The Hermit, Tartuffe, and other Plays, be oblivious to Molière, and Maya Slater 2001, Oxfords World Classics, Oxford Academy Press, Clays Ltd.

  2008

External links